[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":585},["ShallowReactive",2],{"study-making-of-the-constitution":3},{"slug":4,"noteId":5,"subject":6,"subjectSlug":7,"title":8,"summary":9,"hasNote":10,"sections":11},"making-of-the-constitution","NOTE-POL-MAKING-CONST","Polity","polity","Making of the Indian Constitution","Demand timeline (1934-1946), Cabinet Mission composition, milestone sittings, 8 major committees, Drafting Committee roster, dual functions, calligraphy and constants. 9 verified PYQs.",true,[12,104,194,261,365,492],{"id":13,"title":14,"short":15,"estMinutes":16,"blocks":17,"pyqs":56,"cards":70,"traps":87},"demand-timeline","Demand Timeline & The Cabinet Mission Plan (1934-1946)","Demand Timeline",3,[18,22,25,28],{"type":19,"lineId":20,"html":21},"p","s1-p1","The demand for an indigenous \u003Cstrong>Constituent Assembly\u003C\u002Fstrong> to frame India's constitution was first put forward in 1934 by \u003Cstrong>M.N. Roy\u003C\u002Fstrong>, a pioneer of the communist movement in India and exponent of radical humanism. In 1935, the \u003Cstrong>Indian National Congress (INC)\u003C\u002Fstrong> officially demanded a Constituent Assembly, reaffirmed at the \u003Cstrong>1936 Faizpur session\u003C\u002Fstrong> under \u003Cstrong>Jawaharlal Nehru\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",{"type":19,"lineId":23,"html":24},"s1-p2","In 1938, \u003Cstrong>Jawaharlal Nehru\u003C\u002Fstrong> declared on behalf of the INC that the Constitution of free India must be framed by an assembly elected on the basis of \u003Cstrong>adult franchise\u003C\u002Fstrong>, without outside interference. The British Government accepted the demand in principle for the first time in the \u003Cstrong>August Offer of 1940\u003C\u002Fstrong> (Viceroy \u003Cstrong>Lord Linlithgow\u003C\u002Fstrong>, stating the body would consist \"mainly of Indians\"). The \u003Cstrong>Cripps Mission of 1942\u003C\u002Fstrong> offered a post-war assembly with \u003Cstrong>Dominion status\u003C\u002Fstrong>, but was rejected by \u003Cstrong>Congress and the Muslim League\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",{"type":19,"lineId":26,"html":27},"s1-p3","The Constituent Assembly was formulated under the \u003Cstrong>Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946\u003C\u002Fstrong> (arrived March 24, 1946; announced May 16, 1946). The 3-member mission comprised \u003Cstrong>Lord Pethick-Lawrence\u003C\u002Fstrong> (\u003Cstrong>Secretary of State for India\u003C\u002Fstrong>), \u003Cstrong>Sir Stafford Cripps\u003C\u002Fstrong> (\u003Cstrong>President of Board of Trade\u003C\u002Fstrong>), and \u003Cstrong>A.V. Alexander\u003C\u002Fstrong> (\u003Cstrong>First Lord of Admiralty\u003C\u002Fstrong>). The Plan rejected the \u003Cstrong>Muslim League\u003C\u002Fstrong>'s demand for two separate Constituent Assemblies and formulated a single 389-member assembly for undivided India.",{"type":29,"caption":30,"events":31},"timeline","Evolution of the Demand for the Constituent Assembly (1934-1946)",[32,36,40,44,48,52],{"year":33,"label":34,"lineId":35},"1934","\u003Cstrong>M.N. Roy\u003C\u002Fstrong> puts forward the formal idea of a Constituent Assembly","s1-t1",{"year":37,"label":38,"lineId":39},"1935","\u003Cstrong>INC\u003C\u002Fstrong> officially demands a Constituent Assembly (Faizpur 1936)","s1-t2",{"year":41,"label":42,"lineId":43},"1938","\u003Cstrong>Jawaharlal Nehru\u003C\u002Fstrong> demands an assembly elected by universal adult franchise","s1-t3",{"year":45,"label":46,"lineId":47},"1940","\u003Cstrong>August Offer\u003C\u002Fstrong>: British accept demand in principle (\"mainly of Indians\")","s1-t4",{"year":49,"label":50,"lineId":51},"1942","\u003Cstrong>Cripps Mission\u003C\u002Fstrong>: Draft declaration proposing post-war assembly","s1-t5",{"year":53,"label":54,"lineId":55},"1946","\u003Cstrong>Cabinet Mission Plan\u003C\u002Fstrong>: Formulates the 389-seat Constituent Assembly","s1-t6",[57],{"uid":58,"question":59,"options":60,"answer":65,"explanation":66,"difficulty":67,"paper":68,"papers":69,"sourceLine":26},"PYQ-1560","Which of the following statements are correct?\na) Constituent Assembly was suggested by cabinet mission\nb) The first amendment to Preamble was made in 1975\nc) 1919 Government of India Act separated state budget from union budget\nd) Indian Independence Act was approved by British Parliament on July 15, 1947",[61,62,63,64],"(1) a&d","(2) b&c","(3) c & d","(4) a&b",0,"Statement (a) is correct because the scheme for the Constituent Assembly was formulated by the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. Statement (d) is correct as the Indian Independence Bill was passed by the House of Commons on July 15, 1947 (and received Royal Assent on July 18, 1947). Statement (b) is incorrect because the Preamble was amended in 1976 (42nd Amendment Act), not 1975.","M","SI 2016 Mains",[68],[71,75,79,83],{"id":72,"front":73,"back":74},"c1-1","Who first put forward the idea of a Constituent Assembly for India, and when?","M.N. Roy in 1934 (pioneer of communist movement and radical humanism)",{"id":76,"front":77,"back":78},"c1-2","Which British mission formulated the scheme for the Constituent Assembly?","Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 (rejected two separate assemblies; created single 389-seat body)",{"id":80,"front":81,"back":82},"c1-3","Name the 3 members of the Cabinet Mission (1946)","Lord Pethick-Lawrence (Secretary of State), Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander",{"id":84,"front":85,"back":86},"c1-4","August Offer (1940): Viceroy and critical limitation","Announced by Lord Linlithgow; limited the body to \"mainly of Indians\" (not exclusively Indians).",[88],{"id":89,"left":90,"right":91,"why":92,"statements":93},"t1-1","M.N. Roy (1934)","Jawaharlal Nehru (1938)","M.N. Roy first initiated the idea; Nehru formulated the adult franchise requirement on behalf of INC.",[94,97,99,102],{"text":95,"side":96},"First individual to put forward the formal idea of a Constituent Assembly","left",{"text":98,"side":96},"Pioneer of the communist movement and radical humanism in India",{"text":100,"side":101},"Declared assembly must be elected on the basis of adult franchise","right",{"text":103,"side":101},"Moved the historic Objectives Resolution in the Assembly",{"id":105,"title":106,"short":107,"estMinutes":16,"blocks":108,"pyqs":144,"cards":158,"traps":175},"assembly-composition","Assembly Composition & Architecture (389 to 299 Seats)","Composition",[109,112,115,118],{"type":19,"lineId":110,"html":111},"s2-p1","Under the Cabinet Mission Plan, the total strength of the Constituent Assembly was fixed at \u003Cstrong>389 seats\u003C\u002Fstrong>: \u003Cstrong>296 seats for British India\u003C\u002Fstrong> (292 from 11 Governors' Provinces and 4 from Chief Commissioners' Provinces: \u003Cstrong>Delhi\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>Ajmer-Merwara\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>Coorg\u003C\u002Fstrong>, and \u003Cstrong>British Baluchistan\u003C\u002Fstrong>) and \u003Cstrong>93 seats for Indian Princely States\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",{"type":19,"lineId":113,"html":114},"s2-p2","Seats were allocated in proportion to respective population at roughly \u003Cstrong>1 seat per 1 million (10 lakh)\u003C\u002Fstrong> inhabitants. Seats in British India were divided among 3 communities: \u003Cstrong>Muslims\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>Sikhs\u003C\u002Fstrong> (in Punjab), and \u003Cstrong>General\u003C\u002Fstrong> (all others). Provincial members were elected \u003Cstrong>indirectly\u003C\u002Fstrong> by Provincial Legislative Assemblies using \u003Cstrong>proportional representation by single transferable vote (STV)\u003C\u002Fstrong>, while Princely State representatives were \u003Cstrong>nominated by rulers\u003C\u002Fstrong>. The Assembly was thus \u003Cstrong>partly elected and partly nominated\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",{"type":19,"lineId":116,"html":117},"s2-p3","Following the \u003Cstrong>Mountbatten Plan\u003C\u002Fstrong> (June 3, 1947) and partition, representatives of Pakistan areas withdrew. The total strength was reduced to \u003Cstrong>299 members\u003C\u002Fstrong> as of December 31, 1947: \u003Cstrong>229 representing Indian Provinces\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>70 representing Princely States\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",{"type":119,"caption":120,"colA":121,"colB":122,"rows":123},"compare","Constituent Assembly Strength: Pre-Partition vs Post-Partition","Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)","Post-Partition (Dec 31, 1947)",[124,129,134,139],{"label":125,"a":126,"b":127,"lineId":128},"Total Strength","\u003Cstrong>389 seats\u003C\u002Fstrong>","\u003Cstrong>299 seats\u003C\u002Fstrong> (-90 seats)","s2-r1",{"label":130,"a":131,"b":132,"lineId":133},"Provinces \u002F British India","\u003Cstrong>296 seats\u003C\u002Fstrong> (292 + 4 CCP)","\u003Cstrong>229 seats\u003C\u002Fstrong> (-67 seats)","s2-r2",{"label":135,"a":136,"b":137,"lineId":138},"Princely States","\u003Cstrong>93 seats\u003C\u002Fstrong> (nominated by rulers)","\u003Cstrong>70 seats\u003C\u002Fstrong> (-23 seats)","s2-r3",{"label":140,"a":141,"b":142,"lineId":143},"Constitutional Character","\u003Cstrong>Partly elected, partly nominated\u003C\u002Fstrong>","\u003Cstrong>Sovereign legislative parliament\u003C\u002Fstrong>","s2-r4",[145],{"uid":146,"question":147,"options":148,"answer":153,"explanation":154,"difficulty":155,"paper":156,"papers":157,"sourceLine":110},"PYQ-3037","The Constituent Assembly was formulated by",[149,150,151,152],"Indian Independence Act, 1947","Government of India Act 1935","Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946","Government of India Act, 1919",2,"The Constituent Assembly of India was set up in November 1946 under the framework suggested by the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The plan provided for a body composed of indirectly elected representatives from provincial legislative assemblies and nominated members from princely states.","F","SI 2023 Mains",[156],[159,163,167,171],{"id":160,"front":161,"back":162},"c2-1","Initial strength of Constituent Assembly under Cabinet Mission Plan","389 seats: 296 British India (292 provinces + 4 commissioners) + 93 Princely States",{"id":164,"front":165,"back":166},"c2-2","Population ratio for allocating seats in the Constituent Assembly","Roughly 1 seat per 1 million (10 lakh) population",{"id":168,"front":169,"back":170},"c2-3","Three communal categories for British India seats","Muslims, Sikhs (Punjab), and General (all other communities)",{"id":172,"front":173,"back":174},"c2-4","Post-partition strength of Constituent Assembly (Dec 31, 1947)","299 seats: 229 from Indian Provinces + 70 from Princely States",[176],{"id":177,"left":178,"right":179,"why":180,"statements":181},"t2-1","Pre-Partition (1946)","Post-Partition (1947)","Total seat numbers and provincial allocations get mixed up under exam pressure.",[182,184,186,188,190,192],{"text":183,"side":96},"Total strength was 389 seats",{"text":185,"side":101},"Total strength reduced to 299 seats",{"text":187,"side":96},"Princely States allotted 93 seats",{"text":189,"side":101},"Princely States allotted 70 seats",{"text":191,"side":101},"Provinces held 229 seats",{"text":193,"side":96},"British India held 296 seats",{"id":195,"title":196,"short":197,"estMinutes":16,"blocks":198,"pyqs":214,"cards":227,"traps":244},"milestone-sittings-officers","Milestone Sittings & Key Assembly Officers","Sittings & Officers",[199,202,205,208],{"type":19,"lineId":200,"html":201},"s3-p1","\u003Cstrong>December 9, 1946 (Inaugural Sitting)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: Exactly \u003Cstrong>211 members\u003C\u002Fstrong> attended in \u003Cstrong>Constitution Hall, New Delhi\u003C\u002Fstrong> (the \u003Cstrong>Muslim League\u003C\u002Fstrong> boycotted). Following \u003Cstrong>French convention\u003C\u002Fstrong> of electing the oldest member to preside, \u003Cstrong>Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha\u003C\u002Fstrong> was elected temporary \u002F interim Chairman. \u003Cstrong>Frank Anthony\u003C\u002Fstrong> was nominated temporary Deputy Chairman.",{"type":19,"lineId":203,"html":204},"s3-p2","\u003Cstrong>December 11, 1946 (Permanent Officers)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: \u003Cstrong>Dr. Rajendra Prasad\u003C\u002Fstrong> was elected unanimously as the permanent \u003Cstrong>President\u003C\u002Fstrong> of the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly elected \u003Cstrong>two Vice-Presidents\u003C\u002Fstrong>: \u003Cstrong>Dr. H.C. Mukherjee\u003C\u002Fstrong> (representing Christian minorities) and \u003Cstrong>V.T. Krishnamachari\u003C\u002Fstrong> (representing princely states). \u003Cstrong>Sir B.N. Rau\u003C\u002Fstrong> was appointed \u003Cstrong>Constitutional Advisor\u003C\u002Fstrong>, preparing the initial draft constitution containing 243 articles and 13 schedules.",{"type":19,"lineId":206,"html":207},"s3-p3","\u003Cstrong>December 13, 1946 to January 22, 1947 (Objectives Resolution)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: On December 13, 1946, \u003Cstrong>Jawaharlal Nehru\u003C\u002Fstrong> moved the historic \u003Cstrong>Objectives Resolution\u003C\u002Fstrong>, outlining the philosophical foundations and constitutional aims of the Indian Republic. The Resolution was unanimously adopted on \u003Cstrong>January 22, 1947\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Its modified text forms the \u003Cstrong>Preamble\u003C\u002Fstrong> of the Constitution of India.",{"type":209,"tone":210,"title":211,"lineId":212,"html":213},"callout","saffron","Crucial TGPRB Exam Date Pair","s3-c1","TGPRB tests the Objectives Resolution dates repeatedly: Moved by \u003Cstrong>Jawaharlal Nehru\u003C\u002Fstrong> on \u003Cstrong>December 13, 1946\u003C\u002Fstrong>; unanimously passed and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on \u003Cstrong>January 22, 1947\u003C\u002Fstrong> (tested in PYQ-0766).",[215],{"uid":216,"question":217,"options":218,"answer":16,"explanation":223,"difficulty":155,"paper":224,"papers":225,"sourceLine":206},"PYQ-0766","In the Constituent Assembly, the 'Objectives Resolution' was passed on:",[219,220,221,222],"24th January, 1947","25th January, 1947","26th January, 1947","22nd January, 1947","The 'Objectives Resolution' was moved by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on December 13, 1946, and unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947. This resolution laid down the fundamental principles and philosophy that later formed the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.","Constable 2018 Prelims",[224,226],"SI 2018 Mains",[228,232,236,240],{"id":229,"front":230,"back":231},"c3-1","First sitting of Constituent Assembly: date, attendance, and interim Chairman","December 9, 1946; 211 members; Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha (oldest member, French practice)",{"id":233,"front":234,"back":235},"c3-2","Permanent President and two Vice-Presidents of Constituent Assembly","President: Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Dec 11, 1946). Vice-Presidents: Dr. H.C. Mukherjee and V.T. Krishnamachari.",{"id":237,"front":238,"back":239},"c3-3","Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly","Sir B.N. Rau (prepared initial working draft with 243 articles and 13 schedules)",{"id":241,"front":242,"back":243},"c3-4","Objectives Resolution: moved date and adopted date","Moved by Jawaharlal Nehru on Dec 13, 1946; unanimously passed on Jan 22, 1947.",[245],{"id":246,"left":247,"right":248,"why":249,"statements":250},"t3-1","Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha","Dr. Rajendra Prasad","Classic interim vs permanent presiding officer confusion.",[251,253,255,257,259],{"text":252,"side":96},"Presided over inaugural sitting on December 9, 1946",{"text":254,"side":96},"Elected temporary Chairman following French tradition",{"text":256,"side":101},"Elected permanent President on December 11, 1946",{"text":258,"side":101},"Presided over final adoption on November 26, 1949",{"text":260,"side":101},"Elected first President of India on January 24, 1950",{"id":262,"title":263,"short":264,"estMinutes":265,"blocks":266,"pyqs":296,"cards":320,"traps":337},"committees-drafting","Major Committees & The Drafting Committee Roster","Committees",4,[267,270,273,276],{"type":19,"lineId":268,"html":269},"s4-p1","The Constituent Assembly appointed 22 committees, including \u003Cstrong>8 major committees\u003C\u002Fstrong>:\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>Jawaharlal Nehru\u003C\u002Fstrong> chaired 3: \u003Cstrong>Union Powers Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>Union Constitution Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong>, and \u003Cstrong>States Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong> (Negotiating with States - CRITICAL TRAP: chaired by Nehru, NOT Sardar Patel!).\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel\u003C\u002Fstrong> chaired 2: \u003Cstrong>Provincial Constitution Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong>, and \u003Cstrong>Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal\u002FExcluded Areas\u003C\u002Fstrong> (54 members; sub-committees included FR under \u003Cstrong>J.B. Kripalani\u003C\u002Fstrong> and Minorities under \u003Cstrong>H.C. Mukherjee\u003C\u002Fstrong>).\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>Dr. Rajendra Prasad\u003C\u002Fstrong> chaired 2: \u003Cstrong>Rules of Procedure Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>Steering Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar\u003C\u002Fstrong> chaired the \u003Cstrong>Drafting Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",{"type":19,"lineId":271,"html":272},"s4-p2","In June 1948, Constituent Assembly President Dr. Rajendra Prasad appointed the \u003Cstrong>Linguistic Provinces Commission (Dhar Commission)\u003C\u002Fstrong> under the chairmanship of \u003Cstrong>Justice S.K. Dhar\u003C\u002Fstrong> (retired judge of Allahabad High Court). The Commission submitted its report in December 1948, recommending state reorganization based strictly on \u003Cstrong>administrative convenience\u003C\u002Fstrong> rather than linguistic identity.",{"type":19,"lineId":274,"html":275},"s4-p3","The \u003Cstrong>Drafting Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong> was appointed on \u003Cstrong>August 29, 1947\u003C\u002Fstrong>, with \u003Cstrong>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar\u003C\u002Fstrong> elected Chairman on August 30. It consisted of \u003Cstrong>7 members\u003C\u002Fstrong>: 1. \u003Cstrong>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar\u003C\u002Fstrong> (Chairman), 2. \u003Cstrong>N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar\u003C\u002Fstrong>, 3. \u003Cstrong>Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer\u003C\u002Fstrong>, 4. \u003Cstrong>Dr. K.M. Munshi\u003C\u002Fstrong> (only original Congress party member), 5. \u003Cstrong>Syed Mohammad Saadulla\u003C\u002Fstrong> (only Muslim League member), 6. \u003Cstrong>N. Madhava Rau\u003C\u002Fstrong> (replaced \u003Cstrong>B.L. Mitter\u003C\u002Fstrong> who resigned due to ill health), and 7. \u003Cstrong>T.T. Krishnamachari\u003C\u002Fstrong> (replaced \u003Cstrong>D.P. Khaitan\u003C\u002Fstrong> who passed away in 1948). (Do not confuse T.T. Krishnamachari with CA Vice-President \u003Cstrong>V.T. Krishnamachari\u003C\u002Fstrong>).",{"type":119,"caption":277,"colA":278,"colB":279,"rows":280},"States Committee vs Provincial Constitution Committee","States Committee (Negotiating with States)","Provincial Constitution Committee",[281,286,291],{"label":282,"a":283,"b":284,"lineId":285},"Chairperson","\u003Cstrong>Jawaharlal Nehru\u003C\u002Fstrong> (High-yield trap!)","\u003Cstrong>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel\u003C\u002Fstrong>","s4-r1",{"label":287,"a":288,"b":289,"lineId":290},"Primary Mandate","Negotiate accession and seats with \u003Cstrong>Princely States\u003C\u002Fstrong>","Draft executive & legislative rules for \u003Cstrong>provinces\u003C\u002Fstrong>","s4-r2",{"label":292,"a":293,"b":294,"lineId":295},"Associated Sub-bodies","Negotiations with rulers and ministers","Patel also chaired 54-member \u003Cstrong>Advisory Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong>","s4-r3",[297,308],{"uid":298,"question":299,"options":300,"answer":153,"explanation":305,"difficulty":155,"paper":306,"papers":307,"sourceLine":271},"PYQ-1168","Who was the Chairman of the Linguistic Provinces Commission?",[301,302,303,304],"Shri Rajendra Prasad","Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru","Shri S.K. Dhar","Sir John Simon","In June 1948, the Constituent Assembly appointed the Linguistic Provinces Commission under the Chairmanship of Shri S.K. Dhar (retired judge of the Allahabad High Court) to examine the desirability of reorganizing states on a linguistic basis. The commission submitted its report in December 1948, recommending reorganization based on administrative convenience rather than language.","Constable 2023 Mains",[306],{"uid":309,"question":310,"options":311,"answer":316,"explanation":317,"difficulty":155,"paper":318,"papers":319,"sourceLine":271},"PYQ-2537","The Linguistic Provinces Commission set up by the Government of India in June 1948 was headed by:",[312,313,314,315],"S.K. Patil","S.K. Dhar","Pataskar","P.N. Haksar",1,"In June 1948, the Government of India appointed the Linguistic Provinces Commission under the chairmanship of Justice S.K. Dhar (retired Allahabad High Court Judge). The Dhar Commission recommended the reorganization of states on administrative convenience rather than linguistic lines.","SI 2018 Prelims",[318],[321,325,329,333],{"id":322,"front":323,"back":324},"c4-1","Who chaired the States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States)?","Jawaharlal Nehru (CRITICAL TRAP: not Sardar Patel!)",{"id":326,"front":327,"back":328},"c4-2","Chairman of the Linguistic Provinces Commission appointed in June 1948","Justice S.K. Dhar (Dhar Commission; recommended administrative convenience over language)",{"id":330,"front":331,"back":332},"c4-3","7 members of the Drafting Committee (appointed August 29, 1947)","Ambedkar (Chair), Ayyangar, Alladi, Munshi, Saadulla, N. Madhava Rau (for Mitter), T.T. Krishnamachari (for Khaitan)",{"id":334,"front":335,"back":336},"c4-4","Two replacement members in the Drafting Committee and whom they replaced","N. Madhava Rau replaced B.L. Mitter (ill health); T.T. Krishnamachari replaced D.P. Khaitan (died 1948).",[338,351],{"id":339,"left":340,"right":279,"why":341,"statements":342},"t4-1","States Committee","Candidates pick Patel for States Committee due to princely states integration, but Nehru was the actual chair.",[343,345,347,349],{"text":344,"side":96},"Chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru",{"text":346,"side":101},"Chaired by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel",{"text":348,"side":96},"Mandated to negotiate with the rulers of Princely States",{"text":350,"side":101},"Dealt with constitutional framework of British Indian provinces",{"id":352,"left":353,"right":354,"why":355,"statements":356},"t4-2","N. Madhava Rau","T.T. Krishnamachari","Both were replacement members of the 7-man Drafting Committee.",[357,359,361,363],{"text":358,"side":96},"Replaced B.L. Mitter on the Drafting Committee",{"text":360,"side":101},"Replaced D.P. Khaitan on the Drafting Committee",{"text":362,"side":96},"Resignation due to ill-health necessitated this replacement",{"text":364,"side":101},"Death of incumbent in 1948 necessitated this replacement",{"id":366,"title":367,"short":368,"estMinutes":16,"blocks":369,"pyqs":407,"cards":440,"traps":461},"dual-functions-enactment","Dual Role of the Assembly & Enactment vs Enforcement","Dual Role & Dates",[370,373,376,379,382],{"type":19,"lineId":371,"html":372},"s5-p1","Under the \u003Cstrong>Indian Independence Act 1947\u003C\u002Fstrong>, the Constituent Assembly performed \u003Cstrong>two distinct constitutional roles\u003C\u002Fstrong>:\u003Cbr>• When it sat as a \u003Cstrong>Constituent body\u003C\u002Fstrong> (framing the Constitution), it was presided over by \u003Cstrong>Dr. Rajendra Prasad\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003Cbr>• When it met as the \u003Cstrong>Dominion Legislature\u003C\u002Fstrong> (passing ordinary laws), it was presided over by Speaker \u003Cstrong>G.V. Mavalankar\u003C\u002Fstrong> (elected Speaker on November 17, 1947; later first Speaker of Lok Sabha in 1952).",{"type":19,"lineId":374,"html":375},"s5-p2","Production constants: Constitution-making took \u003Cstrong>2 years, 11 months, and 18 days\u003C\u002Fstrong>, spanning 11 formal sessions and 165 sitting days (114 days dedicated to debating the Draft Constitution). The framers studied constitutions of roughly 60 countries and incurred total expenditure of about ₹64 Lakh.",{"type":19,"lineId":377,"html":378},"s5-p3","\u003Cstrong>Adoption on November 26, 1949 (Constitution Day)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: Out of 299 members, exactly \u003Cstrong>284 members were present and signed\u003C\u002Fstrong> the historic document. The original Constitution contained a \u003Cstrong>Preamble\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>395 Articles\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>8 Schedules\u003C\u002Fstrong> (now expanded to 12 schedules [PYQ-0943]), and 22 Parts. Under \u003Cstrong>Article 394\u003C\u002Fstrong>, 15 specific provisions came into force immediately on Nov 26, 1949: \u003Cstrong>Citizenship (Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>Presidential Oath (Article 60)\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>Elections (Article 324)\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>Provisional Parliament (Articles 379, 380)\u003C\u002Fstrong>, and \u003Cstrong>Short Title (Article 393)\u003C\u002Fstrong>.",{"type":19,"lineId":380,"html":381},"s5-p4","\u003Cstrong>Commencement on January 26, 1950 (Republic Day)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: All remaining provisions (\u003Cstrong>Fundamental Rights\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>DPSPs\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>Union & State Judiciary\u003C\u002Fstrong>, and Federal structures) came into force. January 26 was chosen to commemorate \u003Cstrong>Purna Swaraj Day (January 26, 1930)\u003C\u002Fstrong>, declared following the December 1929 \u003Cstrong>Lahore Congress session\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Under \u003Cstrong>Article 395\u003C\u002Fstrong>, it repealed the \u003Cstrong>1935 GoI Act\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>1947 Independence Act\u003C\u002Fstrong>. India is declared a \u003Cstrong>Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic\u003C\u002Fstrong> (Preamble [PYQ-0972]); a \"Republic\" indicates that the Head of State is elected, not hereditary (PYQ-1240).",{"type":119,"caption":383,"colA":384,"colB":385,"rows":386},"Adoption (Nov 26, 1949) vs Commencement (Jan 26, 1950)","November 26, 1949 (Adoption)","January 26, 1950 (Commencement)",[387,392,397,402],{"label":388,"a":389,"b":390,"lineId":391},"Status & Event","\u003Cstrong>Constitution adopted & signed\u003C\u002Fstrong> by 284 members","\u003Cstrong>Full Constitution came into force\u003C\u002Fstrong> (Republic Day)","s5-r1",{"label":393,"a":394,"b":395,"lineId":396},"Enforced Articles","\u003Cstrong>15 articles immediately\u003C\u002Fstrong> under Art. 394 (Citizenship, EC)","\u003Cstrong>All remaining provisions\u003C\u002Fstrong> (FR, DPSP, Executive, Courts)","s5-r2",{"label":398,"a":399,"b":400,"lineId":401},"Citizenship & EC","\u003Cstrong>Arts 5-9 and Art 324\u003C\u002Fstrong> operational immediately","Full democratic republican apparatus activated","s5-r3",{"label":403,"a":404,"b":405,"lineId":406},"Repeal Section","\u003Cstrong>Article 394\u003C\u002Fstrong> brought itself & 15 articles into force","\u003Cstrong>Article 395\u003C\u002Fstrong> repealed 1935 GoI Act & 1947 Independence Act","s5-r4",[408,419,429],{"uid":409,"question":410,"options":411,"answer":65,"explanation":416,"difficulty":155,"paper":417,"papers":418,"sourceLine":377},"PYQ-0943","How many schedules are there in the Indian Constitution ?",[412,413,414,415],"12","10","11","9","The Constitution of India originally had 8 schedules when it was adopted in 1949. Through various constitutional amendments, 4 more schedules were added, bringing the total number of schedules in the Indian Constitution to 12.","Constable 2022 Prelims",[417],{"uid":420,"question":421,"options":422,"answer":16,"explanation":427,"difficulty":155,"paper":417,"papers":428,"sourceLine":380},"PYQ-0972","India is a Sovereign Socialist ______ country.",[423,424,425,426],"Secular","Democratic","Republic","All the above","The Preamble to the Indian Constitution declares India to be a 'Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic'. Therefore, Secular, Democratic, and Republic all accurately complete the description of India.",[417],{"uid":430,"question":431,"options":432,"answer":316,"explanation":437,"difficulty":67,"paper":438,"papers":439,"sourceLine":380},"PYQ-1240","Assertion (A) : India is a Republic\nReason (R): India has universal adult franchise system\nThe correct answer is",[433,434,435,436],"Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)","Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)","(A) is true and (R) is false","(A) is false and (R) is true","A 'Republic' indicates that the head of the state (the President) is elected, not a hereditary monarch. While both statements are true individually, Universal Adult Franchise explains the democratic nature of elections rather than the specific republican form of government.","Constable 2023",[438],[441,445,449,453,457],{"id":442,"front":443,"back":444},"c5-1","Dual presiding officers of Constituent Assembly: Constitution-making vs Law-making","Constitution-making: Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Dominion Legislature: G.V. Mavalankar.",{"id":446,"front":447,"back":448},"c5-2","Constitution-making constants: duration, sessions, and original contents","2 years 11 months 18 days; 11 sessions; Preamble, 395 Articles, 8 Schedules (12 now), 22 Parts.",{"id":450,"front":451,"back":452},"c5-3","Which provisions came into force immediately on November 26, 1949 under Article 394?","Citizenship (Arts 5-9), President's oath (Art 60), Elections (Art 324), Provisional Parliament, Short Title.",{"id":454,"front":455,"back":456},"c5-4","Why was January 26 chosen as the date of commencement of the Constitution?","To commemorate Purna Swaraj Day (January 26, 1930) declared after the 1929 Lahore Congress.",{"id":458,"front":459,"back":460},"c5-5","What does \"Republic\" mean in the Indian Constitution?","The head of the state (President) is elected for a fixed term, not hereditary.",[462,476],{"id":463,"left":248,"right":464,"why":465,"statements":466},"t5-1","G.V. Mavalankar","Both presided over the Constituent Assembly, but under different constitutional hats.",[467,469,471,473,475],{"text":468,"side":96},"Presided when the Assembly sat to frame the Constitution",{"text":470,"side":101},"Presided when the Assembly met as the Dominion Legislature",{"text":472,"side":101},"Elected Speaker on November 17, 1947",{"text":474,"side":101},"Became first Speaker of Lok Sabha in 1952",{"text":256,"side":96},{"id":477,"left":478,"right":479,"why":480,"statements":481},"t5-2","November 26, 1949","January 26, 1950","Adoption vs Commencement: which articles were in force when.",[482,484,486,488,490],{"text":483,"side":96},"Date of adoption and signing by 284 members (Constitution Day)",{"text":485,"side":101},"Date of full commencement of the Constitution (Republic Day)",{"text":487,"side":96},"Citizenship (Arts 5-9) and Elections (Art 324) came into force",{"text":489,"side":101},"Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles came into force",{"text":491,"side":101},"Commemorates Purna Swaraj Day declaration of 1930",{"id":493,"title":494,"short":495,"estMinutes":16,"blocks":496,"pyqs":525,"cards":537,"traps":554},"symbols-calligraphy","Official Symbols, Calligraphy & Adoption Dates","Symbols & Dates",[497,500,503],{"type":19,"lineId":498,"html":499},"s6-p1","Official symbols and artisans of the Constitution:\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>Official Seal:\u003C\u002Fstrong> The \u003Cstrong>Elephant\u003C\u002Fstrong> was adopted as the symbol\u002Fseal of the Constituent Assembly.\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>English Calligrapher:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cstrong>Prem Behari Narain Raizada\u003C\u002Fstrong> handwrote the original English text in flowing italic style using No. 303 nibs across 251 parchment sheets without charge.\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>Hindi Calligrapher:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cstrong>Vasant Krishnan Vaidya\u003C\u002Fstrong> handwrote the original Hindi version.\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>Illumination & Artwork:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cstrong>Acharya Nand Lal Bose\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>Shantiniketan\u003C\u002Fstrong> artists illuminated the borders. The Preamble page was designed and illuminated by \u003Cstrong>Beohar Rammanohar Sinha\u003C\u002Fstrong> (who signed \"Ram\" in the bottom-right corner).\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>Secretariat:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cstrong>H.V.R. Iengar\u003C\u002Fstrong> was Secretary to the CA; \u003Cstrong>S.N. Mukherjee\u003C\u002Fstrong> was Chief Draftsman.",{"type":19,"lineId":501,"html":502},"s6-p2","National adoptions by the Constituent Assembly:\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>National Flag:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Adopted on \u003Cstrong>July 22, 1947\u003C\u002Fstrong>. The Ad-hoc Flag Committee was chaired by \u003Cstrong>Dr. Rajendra Prasad\u003C\u002Fstrong> (CRITICAL TRAP: \u003Cstrong>J.B. Kripalani\u003C\u002Fstrong> chaired the 1931 Congress committee, NOT the Assembly committee).\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>National Anthem & Song:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Both \u003Cstrong>\"Jana Gana Mana\"\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>\"Vande Mataram\"\u003C\u002Fstrong> were adopted on \u003Cstrong>January 24, 1950\u003C\u002Fstrong>. The National Anthem is an expression of the \u003Cstrong>unity of India\u003C\u002Fstrong> (PYQ-0592).\u003Cbr>• \u003Cstrong>First President of India:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cstrong>Dr. Rajendra Prasad\u003C\u002Fstrong> was elected as the first President of India on \u003Cstrong>January 24, 1950\u003C\u002Fstrong> (the Assembly's final 12th sitting).",{"type":29,"caption":504,"events":505},"Constituent Assembly Milestone Adoptions",[506,509,513,517,521],{"year":53,"label":507,"lineId":508},"Dec 9: First sitting (\u003Cstrong>Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha\u003C\u002Fstrong>); Dec 11: \u003Cstrong>Dr. Rajendra Prasad\u003C\u002Fstrong> President; Dec 13: \u003Cstrong>Objectives Resolution\u003C\u002Fstrong>","s6-t1",{"year":510,"label":511,"lineId":512},"1947","Jan 22: Objectives Resolution passed; July 22: \u003Cstrong>National Flag\u003C\u002Fstrong> adopted; Aug 29: \u003Cstrong>Drafting Committee\u003C\u002Fstrong>","s6-t2",{"year":514,"label":515,"lineId":516},"1948","June: \u003Cstrong>Dhar Commission\u003C\u002Fstrong> appointed; Oct: Draft Constitution published for public feedback","s6-t3",{"year":518,"label":519,"lineId":520},"1949","Nov 26: \u003Cstrong>Constitution adopted & signed\u003C\u002Fstrong> by 284 members; Art. 394 enlivens 15 articles","s6-t4",{"year":522,"label":523,"lineId":524},"1950","Jan 24: \u003Cstrong>National Anthem & Song\u003C\u002Fstrong> adopted; \u003Cstrong>Dr. Rajendra Prasad\u003C\u002Fstrong> elected President; Jan 26: Republic Day","s6-t5",[526],{"uid":527,"question":528,"options":529,"answer":65,"explanation":534,"difficulty":155,"paper":535,"papers":536,"sourceLine":501},"PYQ-0592","India's National Anthem is an expression of",[530,531,532,533],"Unity of India","the integration of rivers","diversity in the implementation of rules","Geographical Description","India's National Anthem, composed by Rabindranath Tagore, is an expression of the unity of India. While it mentions various geographical regions and rivers, its overarching theme and political significance represent national integration and unity amidst diversity.","Constable 2018 Mains",[535],[538,542,546,550],{"id":539,"front":540,"back":541},"c6-1","Constituent Assembly seal and calligraphy artists","Seal: Elephant. English: Prem Behari Narain Raizada. Hindi: Vasant Krishnan Vaidya. Preamble art: Beohar Rammanohar Sinha.",{"id":543,"front":544,"back":545},"c6-2","Adoption date of National Flag and Flag Committee Chairman","Adopted July 22, 1947. Ad-hoc Flag Committee chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad (not Kripalani).",{"id":547,"front":548,"back":549},"c6-3","Adoption date of National Anthem and National Song","January 24, 1950 (along with Dr. Rajendra Prasad's election as first President of India)",{"id":551,"front":552,"back":553},"c6-4","What does India's National Anthem signify (TGPRB exam angle)?","An expression of the unity of India amidst geographical diversity.",[555,569],{"id":556,"left":557,"right":558,"why":559,"statements":560},"t6-1","Prem Behari Narain Raizada","Nand Lal Bose","One wrote the manuscript text; the other directed the artistic illumination.",[561,563,565,567],{"text":562,"side":96},"Calligrapher who handwrote the original English text in italic style",{"text":564,"side":101},"Renowned artist from Shantiniketan who directed illumination",{"text":566,"side":96},"Used No. 303 nibs across 251 parchment sheets without fee",{"text":568,"side":101},"Decorated borders illustrating scenes from 5,000 years of Indian history",{"id":570,"left":571,"right":572,"why":573,"statements":574},"t6-2","July 22, 1947","January 24, 1950","Key adoption dates tested as matching or sequence questions.",[575,577,579,581,583],{"text":576,"side":96},"Adoption of the National Flag of India",{"text":578,"side":101},"Adoption of the National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana)",{"text":580,"side":101},"Adoption of the National Song (Vande Mataram)",{"text":582,"side":101},"Election of Dr. Rajendra Prasad as first President of India",{"text":584,"side":96},"Ad-hoc Committee headed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad approved design",1791185832896]